Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer develops in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV types 16 and 18. These infections lead to changes in cervical cells, which can develop into cancer over time. Other risk factors include smoking, a weakened immune system, multiple sexual partners, and early sexual activity.
In its early stages, cervical cancer often has no symptoms, which is why regular screenings, such as the Pap smear (or Pap test), are essential for early detection. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding (such as after sex or between periods), unusual vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and pain during intercourse.
Diagnosis typically involves a pelvic exam, Pap smear, HPV testing, colposcopy (a procedure to examine the cervix), and biopsy of any abnormal tissue. Imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRIs, are used to determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread.
Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer and may involve surgery (such as a hysterectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Early-stage cervical cancer is highly treatable, and the five-year survival rate is high when caught early. Preventative measures, including HPV vaccination and regular screenings, play a key role in reducing the risk of cervical cancer.
